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The audit office must be independent; in case of self-review risk, organizational measures are necessary (Art. 729 Para. 2 CO). Clear separation of accounting and auditing required.

A sole proprietorship cannot be directly converted into a GmbH or AG in Switzerland, but requires first the liquidation and re-establishment. For a lawful conversion, assets must be higher than liabilities and a conversion balance sheet must be created.

An in-kind acquisition occurs when company founders commit to acquiring assets for consideration after establishing a company. This differs from a cash foundation and includes significant purchases essential for the foundation.

Shares of a corporation can be paid up at incorporation by cash or contributions in kind, whereby contributions in kind must be confirmed by a "Stampa declaration". If the contributions in kind are overvalued, an audit by an auditor is required.

Companies record their expenses and revenues in expense and income accounts to determine profit or loss. Success depends on the industry and business cases; a uniform chart of accounts does not exist.

The income statement compares expenses and revenues of a company, resulting in profit or loss. It is part of accounting and shows operational results.

Business transactions are recorded in active and passive accounts, which capture the ongoing changes in assets and liabilities. The balance sheet, as a snapshot, shows all assets and liabilities, summarized in activated and passivized balance sheet items.

The balance sheet provides insight into the assets and liabilities of a company in order to present its financial position. Assets show how the capital is invested, while liabilities reveal the source of the capital.

The Federal Court classified capital gains from company sales as taxable wages if the seller remains employed. This limits the principle of tax-free capital gains and poses risks for young entrepreneurs.